The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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Land & Ages

The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

People & Faiths

PeopleSaints and teachers, poets and singers, rulers, rebels, the people of both PunjabsPeople of the landJats, Rajputs, Arains, Khatris, Dalit communities and more, across every faithFaithsHindu traditions, Islam and the Sufis, Sikhi, and the Punjab's other faiths

Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

Culture & Museum

CulturePoets, qisse, songs, music, dance, festivals, foodMuseumSculpture, coins, manuscripts, painting, arms, buildings, and where to see themChronicles & ProphecyThe poetry of the old chroniclesAboutWhat this atlas is, its sources, and every word explainedHelp maintain this siteCorrections, pictures, sources and new entries
Punjab WikiMuseumFrom the world's museumsThe Sikh courts and the Gurus
The Sikh courts and the Gurus · 85

Colonial Punjab

1849 – 1947

Portrait of Maharajra Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), nimbatePortrait of Maharajra Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), nimbateca.1849 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗QuoitsQuoits19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Guru Gobind SinghGuru Gobind Singh19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Ganesha worshipped by a Sikh ruler, ca.1850Ganesha worshipped by a Sikh ruler, ca.1850Museum of Fine Arts, Boston · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Guru Nanak with Baba Bala Nath 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam…Guru Nanak with Baba Bala Nath 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak preaching in Rameshwaram 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the…Guru Nanak preaching in Rameshwaram 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak's marriage with Mata Sulakhani 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from…Guru Nanak's marriage with Mata Sulakhani 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Gobind Singh, opaque watercolour on paper, Punjab, circa 18th or 19th centuryGuru Gobind Singh, opaque watercolour on paper, Punjab, circa 18th or 19th centuryWikimedia Commons ↗Painting of Guru Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru, Pahari, ca.1850Painting of Guru Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru, Pahari, ca.1850Museum Rietberg, Zurich · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Mountain gunMountain gun19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CrestCrestprobably 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CrestCrestprobably 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab HillsPainting, Punjab Hillsmid 19th century · Punjab Hills© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Hills, ca.1850Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Hills, ca.1850Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of a seated European man, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Painting of a seated European man, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Baba Ram Singh Kuka [leader of the Namdhari/Kuka Sikhs], Sikh stylePainting of Baba Ram Singh Kuka [leader of the Namdhari/Kuka Sikhs], Sikh styleLahore Museum · photo Style of Bishan Singh, possibly created by Kapur Singh of Am (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Guru Nanak with Bhai Mardana, Jaipur, Rajasthan, circa early-19th centuryPainting of Guru Nanak with Bhai Mardana, Jaipur, Rajasthan, circa early-19th centuryRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Sikh and British Officers of Hodson's Horse, 1858Sikh and British Officers of Hodson's Horse, 1858National Army Museum, London · photo Felice Beato (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sham Singh AtariwalaSham Singh Atariwalaca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Kharak SinghKharak Singhca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Guru NanakGuru Nanakca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Ranjit SinghMaharaja Ranjit Singhca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Har DayHar Dayca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Rani JindanRani Jindanca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Rani JindanRani Jindanca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Portrait of Rani Har Devi on ivory, ca.1850–1870Portrait of Rani Har Devi on ivory, ca.1850–1870Wikimedia Commons ↗Maharaja Sher SinghMaharaja Sher Singhca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pratap SinghPratap Singhca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Tondo (oval) portrait painting of Akali Phula Singh, ca.1850–70Tondo (oval) portrait painting of Akali Phula Singh, ca.1850–70V&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Ram Darbar, circa 1865 CE, Sikh-Kangra mixed Style, National Museum DelhiRam Darbar, circa 1865 CE, Sikh-Kangra mixed Style, National Museum DelhiNational Museum, New Delhi · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Duleep Singh (1838-1893), in ceremonial dressDuleep Singh (1838-1893), in ceremonial dressWikimedia Commons · George Duncan Beechey ↗Letter from Prince Frederick Duleep Singh.Letter from Prince Frederick Duleep Singh.Philadelphia Museum of Art · photo Singh, Frederick Duleep (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Maharaja Duleep Singh (Maharajah Dulip Singh)Maharaja Duleep Singh (Maharajah Dulip Singh)National Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗B/w photographic print, Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh; full length portrait…B/w photographic print, Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh; full length portrait…Wikimedia Commons · Clarke, J.W. ↗Princess w:Sophia Duleep Singh selling subscriptions for the Suffragette newspaper…Princess w:Sophia Duleep Singh selling subscriptions for the Suffragette newspaper…British Library, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Portrait of Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh, whole-length standing in landscapePortrait of Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh, whole-length standing in landscapeBritish Museum, London · photo Print made by: Richard James Lane After: Franz Xaver Winterh (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Seated portrait photograph of Maharaja Duleep Singh in BritainSeated portrait photograph of Maharaja Duleep Singh in BritainV&A, London · photo Horne & Thornthwaite (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Watercolour by a Company artist of the Golden Temple at Amritsar, 1865Watercolour by a Company artist of the Golden Temple at Amritsar, 1865National Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Panjab: The child Maharajah of Lahore, Duleep Singh enters his palace in LahorePanjab: The child Maharajah of Lahore, Duleep Singh enters his palace in LahoreBritish Library, London · photo James Duffield Harding / After Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscoun (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Photographer: Felice Beato (1832 – 1909) Medium:Photographic print, 23.6x28.2 centimetresPhotographer: Felice Beato (1832 – 1909) Medium:Photographic print, 23.6x28.2 centimetresWikimedia Commons · The original uploader was IndianCow at English Wikipedia. ↗One of five drawings of Sikh heroesOne of five drawings of Sikh heroesca. 1870 - ca. 1875 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of seven drawings of people and occupations and a lion.One of seven drawings of people and occupations and a lion.ca. 1870 - ca. 1875 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of five drawings of Sikh heroesOne of five drawings of Sikh heroesca. 1870 - ca. 1875 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of five drawings of Sikh heroesOne of five drawings of Sikh heroesca.1870 - ca. 1875 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of five drawings of Sikh heroesOne of five drawings of Sikh heroesca. 1870 - ca. 1875 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of five drawings of Sikh heroesOne of five drawings of Sikh heroesca. 1870 - ca. 1875 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sikh painting of a marriage procession, circa 1850-1900Sikh painting of a marriage procession, circa 1850-1900Asian Art Museum, San Francisco · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Equestrian painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore with an attendant, ca.1850–1900Equestrian painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore with an attendant, ca.1850–1900Wikimedia Commons ↗A portrait of 'Maharajah Duleep SinghA portrait of 'Maharajah Duleep Singh1875 · Mayfair© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Drawing of a tracker and his companion, by Kehar Singh, ca.1875Drawing of a tracker and his companion, by Kehar Singh, ca.1875Wikimedia Commons · most certainly Kehar Singh ↗Page 88: Sikh horseback riderPage 88: Sikh horseback rider1880-1889 · IndiaWellcome Collection · CC BY ↗Scuola sikh, donna tribale davanti alla sua capanna, 1890 ca. 01Scuola sikh, donna tribale davanti alla sua capanna, 1890 ca. 01Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad · photo Sailko (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Scuola sikh, donna tribale davanti alla sua capanna, 1890 ca. 02 disegno su foglieScuola sikh, donna tribale davanti alla sua capanna, 1890 ca. 02 disegno su foglieSalar Jung Museum, Hyderabad · photo Sailko (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Gertrude Ellen Burrard (1860-1928) - Ganda Singh, a Sikh ChaprasiGertrude Ellen Burrard (1860-1928) - Ganda Singh, a Sikh ChaprasiNational Army Museum, London · photo Gertrude Ellen Burrard (Wikimedia Commons) ↗One of two portraits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839)One of two portraits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839)ca. 1900 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of two portraits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839).One of two portraits of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780-1839).ca. 1900 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding an arrow whilst sitting on a chair outdoors, circa 1900Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding an arrow whilst sitting on a chair outdoors, circa 1900V&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Watercolour on ivory portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Delhi, ca.1900Watercolour on ivory portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Delhi, ca.1900V&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Circa 1900 AD Painted metal with meena work 10.3 x…Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Circa 1900 AD Painted metal with meena work 10.3 x…Wikimedia Commons · Satdeep Gill · CC BY ↗A Sikh strong man with his clubs, the heaviest 640 lbs., the smallest 160 lbs., IndiaA Sikh strong man with his clubs, the heaviest 640 lbs., the smallest 160 lbs., India1907-01-01 · indiaLibrary of Congress ↗Sikh troops carrying machine guns in 1914 during World War One.Sikh troops carrying machine guns in 1914 during World War One.Wikimedia Commons ↗Painting of two Sikh gurus, Popular Sikh, Punjab, circa early 20th centuryPainting of two Sikh gurus, Popular Sikh, Punjab, circa early 20th centuryWikimedia Commons ↗Painting of Guru Angad, Deccani style, circa 19th or early 20th centuryPainting of Guru Angad, Deccani style, circa 19th or early 20th centurySalar Jung Museum, Hyderabad · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Group of British & India officers of the SikhsGroup of British & India officers of the Sikhs1917Library of Congress ↗Group of British and Indian officers of the SikhsGroup of British and Indian officers of the Sikhs1917Library of Congress ↗Sikh police ready to lead American Red Cross Parade in Shanghai, ChinaSikh police ready to lead American Red Cross Parade in Shanghai, China1918 · china shanghaiLibrary of Congress ↗India General Service Medal 1908-35 - North West Frontier 1908 bar Medal awarded to…India General Service Medal 1908-35 - North West Frontier 1908 bar Medal awarded to…Wikimedia Commons · George William de Saulles; Garbe, Richard · CC BY ↗Amrita Sher-Gil, (1913-1941).Amrita Sher-Gil, (1913-1941).Government Museum, Chandigarh · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh before 1940Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh before 1940Wikimedia Commons · Lafayette Studio ↗Fateh Singh Kalianwala (altFateh Singh Kalianwala (altNational Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗

Search the museums' full collections

V&A ↗ · British Museum ↗ · The Met ↗ · Cleveland ↗ · Wellcome Collection ↗ · Wikimedia Commons ↗ · Ashmolean ↗ · Royal Collection ↗ · Pitt Rivers ↗

Shown here are the objects whose pictures museums have released openly. Far more are in their collections, and in museums with no open search, such as the Lahore Museum. Searching for "Sikh".

Pictures from the collections of Art Institute of Chicago, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum (via Europeana), Bhuri Singh Museum, Chamba, 65 more, found automatically: public domain or openly licensed, except the V&A's, shown for non-commercial use with the museum's credit. Titles and dates are the museums' own; each card names its museum and any licence. Updated 2026-10-26.

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