The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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PUNJAB WIKIਪੰਜਾਬپنجابMuseum
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Land & Ages

The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

People & Faiths

PeopleSaints and teachers, poets and singers, rulers, rebels, the people of both PunjabsPeople of the landJats, Rajputs, Arains, Khatris, Dalit communities and more, across every faithFaithsHindu traditions, Islam and the Sufis, Sikhi, and the Punjab's other faiths

Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

Culture & Museum

CulturePoets, qisse, songs, music, dance, festivals, foodMuseumSculpture, coins, manuscripts, painting, arms, buildings, and where to see themChronicles & ProphecyThe poetry of the old chroniclesAboutWhat this atlas is, its sources, and every word explainedHelp maintain this siteCorrections, pictures, sources and new entries
Punjab WikiMuseumFrom the world's museumsLahore, Multan and the Punjab
Lahore, Multan and the Punjab · 109

The Kingdom of Lahore

1799 – 1849

Pakistan, Panjab, Bhera, circa 1800 Furnishings; Accessories Light green lizardite…Pakistan, Panjab, Bhera, circa 1800 Furnishings; Accessories Light green lizardite…LACMA, Los Angeles · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Shiva, Parvati and their children on Mount Kailash, drawing Kangra style, Pahari, c1800Shiva, Parvati and their children on Mount Kailash, drawing Kangra style, Pahari, c1800British Museum, London · photo Anonynous (Wikimedia Commons) ↗The Nawab of MultanThe Nawab of Multan[between 1800 and 1899?] · [India],Wellcome Collection ↗Painting of Raja Bhag Singh, Sikh School, Punjab Plains, ca.1800Painting of Raja Bhag Singh, Sikh School, Punjab Plains, ca.1800Government Museum, Chandigarh · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Sufi saints seated around holy scripturesSufi saints seated around holy scriptures[between 1800 and 1899?] · [India],Wellcome Collection ↗Painting, Punjab HillsPainting, Punjab Hillsca. 1800 - ca. 1810 · Punjab Hills© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗This Company painting is a three-quarter length portrait of Ishwari Sen (1784-1826)This Company painting is a three-quarter length portrait of Ishwari Sen (1784-1826)V&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Krishna's Karma sermon to Arjun, circa 1800-1810 CE, Kangra School of ArtKrishna's Karma sermon to Arjun, circa 1800-1810 CE, Kangra School of ArtNational Museum, New Delhi · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throneMaharaja Ranjit Singh's throne1805-10 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Cityscape of Lahore with Ranjit Singh in foreground, Punjab, PakistanCityscape of Lahore with Ranjit Singh in foreground, Punjab, PakistanWellcome Collection (via Europeana) · CC BY ↗City of Lahore with Ranjit Singh in foreground, Punjab, PakistanCity of Lahore with Ranjit Singh in foreground, Punjab, PakistanWellcome Collection ↗Miniature painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh from one of his issued medalsMiniature painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh from one of his issued medalsWikimedia Commons ↗Oval-shaped tondo portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow [Lakhnau], AwadhOval-shaped tondo portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow [Lakhnau], AwadhWikimedia Commons ↗Family-tree of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, from the 'Iqbalnama-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh'Family-tree of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, from the 'Iqbalnama-i-Maharaja Ranjit Singh'Wikimedia Commons ↗Letter issued by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Raja Fateh Singh of Kapurthala StateLetter issued by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Raja Fateh Singh of Kapurthala StateWikimedia Commons ↗Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of the Punjab, with his wife and child accompanied by his…Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of the Punjab, with his wife and child accompanied by his…Wellcome Collection ↗Scuola di pahadi, ahalya sapa vimochana, 1810 caScuola di pahadi, ahalya sapa vimochana, 1810 caSalar Jung Museum, Hyderabad · photo Sailko (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Scuola di pahadi, parvadi sul trono di loto, 1810 caScuola di pahadi, parvadi sul trono di loto, 1810 caSalar Jung Museum, Hyderabad · photo Sailko (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗AxeAxeearly 19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Oval-shaped tondo portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow, Awadh, ca.1810–20Oval-shaped tondo portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow, Awadh, ca.1810–20Wikimedia Commons ↗Four Recruits in White Dhotis, page from the Fraser AlbumFour Recruits in White Dhotis, page from the Fraser AlbumCompany School, c. 1815-1816 · IndiaArt Institute of Chicago ↗Sham Singh Attariwala (Sirdar Sham Singh (Atariwala))Sham Singh Attariwala (Sirdar Sham Singh (Atariwala))National Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Diwan Sawan Mal (Dewan Sawan Mal (Multanwala))Diwan Sawan Mal (Dewan Sawan Mal (Multanwala))National Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of a party of Sikhs, Company School, ca.1817Painting of a party of Sikhs, Company School, ca.1817British Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Krishna as Murlidhar, 1820-1825, Kangra School of Art, Lahore MuseumKrishna as Murlidhar, 1820-1825, Kangra School of Art, Lahore MuseumLahore Museum · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Illustration from Hamir Hath, Guler School,1820-1825, Lahore MuseumIllustration from Hamir Hath, Guler School,1820-1825, Lahore MuseumLahore Museum · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Portrait of Gulab Singh Dogra.Portrait of Gulab Singh Dogra.V&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Gulab Singh (1792-1857) was a member of the Hindu Dogra family who served under…Gulab Singh (1792-1857) was a member of the Hindu Dogra family who served under…V&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Portrait of Ishwari Sen of MandiPortrait of Ishwari Sen of Mandica. 1825 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Knife and sheathKnife and sheathc. 1800-1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Sher Singh seated, attended by his Council in the Lahore FortMaharaja Sher Singh seated, attended by his Council in the Lahore FortLahore Museum · photo Ágoston Schoefft (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of the view of Fort Gobindgarh in Amritsar, Punjab, circa 1825Painting of the view of Fort Gobindgarh in Amritsar, Punjab, circa 1825British Library, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of the view of the city of Amritsar, Punjab, circa 1825Painting of the view of the city of Amritsar, Punjab, circa 1825British Library, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Illustrated folio from the prayer book of Rani Jindan, 1828-30.Illustrated folio from the prayer book of Rani Jindan, 1828-30.British Library, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Portrait of Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala (r.1813-1848)Portrait of Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala (r.1813-1848)British Library, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Sardar Tej Singh [born as 'Tej Ram' into a Brahmin familyPainting of Sardar Tej Singh [born as 'Tej Ram' into a Brahmin familyLahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Tej Singh (Raja Tej Singh)Tej Singh (Raja Tej Singh)National Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Raja Dhian SinghRaja Dhian Singhca. 1830-1835 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab PlainsPainting, Punjab Plainsca. 1832-1835 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab PlainsPainting, Punjab Plainsca. 1835 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Gulab SinghMaharaja Gulab Singhca. 1835 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Raja Gulab Singh (1792–1857) of Jammu and KashmirRaja Gulab Singh (1792–1857) of Jammu and Kashmirc. 1830–40 · Northern India, Pahari kingdomsCleveland Museum of Art ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1830 - ca. 1840 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Miniature painting of Sikh rulers Surjan Singh and his son Trilok Singh, ca.1830-1840Miniature painting of Sikh rulers Surjan Singh and his son Trilok Singh, ca.1830-1840Wikimedia Commons ↗Watercolour, `Native of the Khyber pass between Peshawour & Kabul', 1836Watercolour, `Native of the Khyber pass between Peshawour & Kabul', 1836V&A, London · photo Vigne, Godfrey Thomas (FRGS) (artist) (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Native of the Khyber pass between Peshawour & KabulNative of the Khyber pass between Peshawour & Kabul1836 · Afghanistan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Kharak SinghKharak Singhca. 1835 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Ranjit SinghMaharaja Ranjit Singhca. 1835 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Ajit Singh SandhawaliaAjit Singh Sandhawaliaca. 1835 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Ranjit SinghMaharaja Ranjit Singhca. 1835 - ca. 1840 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab PlainsPainting, Punjab Plainsca. 1835 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Auspicious Star of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Bikrami Samvat 1894 (1837-38 CE)Auspicious Star of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Bikrami Samvat 1894 (1837-38 CE)Wallace Collection, London · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Raja Dhian SinghRaja Dhian Singhca. 1838 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Order of Merit with a Portrait of Ranjit SinghOrder of Merit with a Portrait of Ranjit Singh1837-1839 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi III, the ruler of Bahawalpur 1825-1852Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi III, the ruler of Bahawalpur 1825-1852Wikimedia Commons ↗Ranjit SinghRanjit Singhca. 1838-ca. 1840 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Raja Hira SinghRaja Hira Singhca. 1838 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Kharak SinghKharak Singhca. 1838 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Ranjit Singh and Hira SinghRanjit Singh and Hira Singhca. 1838 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Raja Nau Nihal Singh and Raja Dhian SinghRaja Nau Nihal Singh and Raja Dhian Singhca. 1838 - ca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Portrait of Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of the Panjab (d.1839)Portrait of Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of the Panjab (d.1839)British Library, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Scene on the River Sutledge, near Paukputtun in the Punjaub', 1839Scene on the River Sutledge, near Paukputtun in the Punjaub', 1839National Army Museum, London · photo Louis Haghe / After James Atkinson (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of two cultivators, probably Jats, Punjab, ca.1840'sPainting of two cultivators, probably Jats, Punjab, ca.1840'sV&A, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1835 - ca. 1845 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1835 - ca. 1845 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Raja Suchet Singh and Raja Dhian SinghRaja Suchet Singh and Raja Dhian Singhca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Ranjit SinghMaharaja Ranjit Singhca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Dina NathDina Nathca. 1835-1845 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Raja Dhian SinghRaja Dhian Singhca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1835 - ca. 1845 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Nau Nihal SinghNau Nihal Singhca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗India, Panjab Plains, circa 1840 Drawings; watercolors Ink and opaque watercolor on…India, Panjab Plains, circa 1840 Drawings; watercolors Ink and opaque watercolor on…LACMA, Los Angeles · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of the funeral of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ca.1840Painting of the funeral of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ca.1840British Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗The 'Court of Lahore', by August Schoefft, ca.1840's–1855, ViennaThe 'Court of Lahore', by August Schoefft, ca.1840's–1855, ViennaLahore Museum · photo Ágoston Schoefft (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1835 - ca. 1845 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab PlainPainting, Punjab Plainca. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Ahmad Shah AbdaliAhmad Shah Abdalica. 1840 · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharani Jind Kaur (Maharani Jindan)Maharani Jind Kaur (Maharani Jindan)National Army Museum, London · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Afghanistan from "A personal narrative of a visit to Ghuzni, Kabul, and AfghanistanAfghanistan from "A personal narrative of a visit to Ghuzni, Kabul, and Afghanistan1840The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Donald Friell McLeod (1810-1872) served as Governor of the Punjab from 1865 until 1870Donald Friell McLeod (1810-1872) served as Governor of the Punjab from 1865 until 1870National Army Museum, London · photo National Army Museum London (Wikimedia Commons) ↗India, Panjab, Jalandhar, circa 1840-1845 Drawings; watercolors Opaque watercolor, goldIndia, Panjab, Jalandhar, circa 1840-1845 Drawings; watercolors Opaque watercolor, goldLACMA, Los Angeles · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Scene on the river Sutledge, near Pauk-Puttun in the PunjaubScene on the river Sutledge, near Pauk-Puttun in the Punjaub1842-01-01 · pakistan sutlej riverLibrary of Congress ↗Painting, Punjab PlainsPainting, Punjab Plainsca. 1840 - ca. 1845 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab PlainsPainting, Punjab Plainsca. 1840 - ca. 1845 · Punjab Plains© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗The Balla Hissar and city of Caubul from the upper part of the citadelThe Balla Hissar and city of Caubul from the upper part of the citadel1842-01-01 · bālā ḥiṣār kabul afghanistanLibrary of Congress ↗The fortress and citadel of Ghuznee and the two minarsThe fortress and citadel of Ghuznee and the two minars1842-01-01 · ghaznī afghanistanLibrary of Congress ↗Auspicious Star of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, about 1838-49 CE, V&A MuseumAuspicious Star of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, about 1838-49 CE, V&A MuseumV&A, London · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Two dwarfs with their owner, a guard of the Raja of PatialaTwo dwarfs with their owner, a guard of the Raja of Patiala[1844] · [London] ([114 New Bond Street])Wellcome Collection ↗Persian from "Travels in India, including Sinde and the Punjab; ... translated from the…Persian from "Travels in India, including Sinde and the Punjab; ... translated from the…1845The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Night bivouac of the British Army at Ferozeshah, 21 December 1845Night bivouac of the British Army at Ferozeshah, 21 December 1845National Army Museum, London · photo J. Harris (etcher), after Henry Martens, as sketched by Majo (Wikimedia Commons) ↗The death of General Sir Robert Sale on the battlefieldThe death of General Sir Robert Sale on the battlefield1845 · EnglandWellcome Collection ↗The aftermath of the Battle of Ferozeshah.The aftermath of the Battle of Ferozeshah.British Library, London · photo James Duffield Harding / After Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscoun (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Maharaja Gulab SinghMaharaja Gulab Singhca. 1846 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Gulab SinghMaharaja Gulab Singhca. 1846 - ca. 1847 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sir Henry Hardinge, first Viscount Hardinge of Lahore, and the Treaty of LahoreSir Henry Hardinge, first Viscount Hardinge of Lahore, and the Treaty of Lahoreca. 1846 · England© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Portrait miniaturePortrait miniatureca. 1846 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Lord GoughLord Goughca. 1846 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Portrait miniature and framePortrait miniature and frameca. 1846 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Dust Muhammad of KabulDust Muhammad of Kabulca. 1846 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Rajah Tej SinghRajah Tej Singhca. 1846 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗16th Lancers, Battle of Aliwal, 28 January 184616th Lancers, Battle of Aliwal, 28 January 1846National Army Museum, London · photo Michael Angelo Hayes (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Punjab Campaign Medal, 7th September 1846-14th March 1849 Medal awarded to WB MarshPunjab Campaign Medal, 7th September 1846-14th March 1849 Medal awarded to WB MarshWikimedia Commons · William Wyon · CC BY ↗Punjab Campaign Medal, 7th September 1846-14th March 1849 Medal awarded to Ensign WH…Punjab Campaign Medal, 7th September 1846-14th March 1849 Medal awarded to Ensign WH…Wikimedia Commons · William Wyon · CC BY ↗Miniature Punjab Campaign Medal, 7th September 1846-14th March 1849 Miniature medal of…Miniature Punjab Campaign Medal, 7th September 1846-14th March 1849 Miniature medal of…Wikimedia Commons · William Wyon · CC BY ↗Painting of Bela Singh Mokal of the Sikh Empire, Sikh school, Punjab Hills, ca.1845–50Painting of Bela Singh Mokal of the Sikh Empire, Sikh school, Punjab Hills, ca.1845–50Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Depiction of the Hazoori Bagh with Lahore Qila (fort) in background, circa 1847Depiction of the Hazoori Bagh with Lahore Qila (fort) in background, circa 1847British Library, London · photo James Duffield Harding / After Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscoun (Wikimedia Commons) ↗ModelModel1839-1858 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Patrick Vans Agnew, Ferezopore, by John McCosh, 1848Patrick Vans Agnew, Ferezopore, by John McCosh, 1848National Army Museum, London · photo John McCosh (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Punjab Campaign Medal 1848-49 with two bars Medal awarded to LieutPunjab Campaign Medal 1848-49 with two bars Medal awarded to LieutWikimedia Commons · William Wyon · CC BY ↗

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Shown here are the objects whose pictures museums have released openly. Far more are in their collections, and in museums with no open search, such as the Lahore Museum. Searching for "Punjab".

Pictures from the collections of Art Institute of Chicago, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum (via Europeana), Bhuri Singh Museum, Chamba, 65 more, found automatically: public domain or openly licensed, except the V&A's, shown for non-commercial use with the museum's credit. Titles and dates are the museums' own; each card names its museum and any licence. Updated 2026-10-26.

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