The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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PUNJAB WIKIਪੰਜਾਬپنجابPeople
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Land & Ages

The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

People & Faiths

PeopleSaints and teachers, poets and singers, rulers, rebels, the people of both PunjabsPeople of the landJats, Rajputs, Arains, Khatris, Dalit communities and more, across every faithFaithsHindu traditions, Islam and the Sufis, Sikhi, and the Punjab's other faiths

Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

Culture & Museum

CulturePoets, qisse, songs, music, dance, festivals, foodMuseumSculpture, coins, manuscripts, painting, arms, buildings, and where to see themChronicles & ProphecyThe poetry of the old chroniclesAboutWhat this atlas is, its sources, and every word explainedHelp maintain this siteCorrections, pictures, sources and new entries
Punjab WikiPeopleReformers and politicians
Manmohan Singh
Unknown · Wikimedia
Modern figure

Manmohan Singh

ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘمنموہن سنگھ

Economist born in Gah in western Punjab who opened India's economy as finance minister in 1991 and was Prime Minister from 2004 to 2014.

Manmohan Singh was born in 1932 at Gah, a village in the Chakwal district now in Pakistan, and came to India as a refugee in 1947. He studied at Panjab University, Cambridge and Oxford and became an economist.

As governor of the Reserve Bank and then finance minister from 1991, he dismantled the licence raj and opened India's economy, beginning its long boom. In 2004 he became Prime Minister, the first Sikh to hold the office, and served two terms until 2014.

In 2005 he apologised in Parliament to the Sikh community and the nation for the killings of 1984. He died in December 2024.

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