The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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PUNJAB WIKIਪੰਜਾਬپنجابPeople
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Land & Ages

The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

People & Faiths

PeopleSaints and teachers, poets and singers, rulers, rebels, the people of both PunjabsPeople of the landJats, Rajputs, Arains, Khatris, Dalit communities and more, across every faithFaithsHindu traditions, Islam and the Sufis, Sikhi, and the Punjab's other faiths

Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

Culture & Museum

CulturePoets, qisse, songs, music, dance, festivals, foodMuseumSculpture, coins, manuscripts, painting, arms, buildings, and where to see themChronicles & ProphecyThe poetry of the old chroniclesAboutWhat this atlas is, its sources, and every word explainedHelp maintain this siteCorrections, pictures, sources and new entries
Punjab WikiPeopleReformers and politicians
Partap Singh Kairon
Unknown · Wikimedia
Modern figure

Partap Singh Kairon

ਪ੍ਰਤਾਪ ਸਿੰਘ ਕੈਰੋਂپرتاپ سنگھ کیروں

Chief Minister of Punjab from 1956 to 1964 who drove the building of roads, canals, Punjab Agricultural University and the groundwork of the Green Revolution.

Partap Singh Kairon was born in 1901 at Kairon near Amritsar, studied in America at Michigan, and returned to join the freedom movement and the Congress.

As Chief Minister of Punjab from 1956 to 1964 he rebuilt a state shattered by Partition. He drove the building of roads, canals, electricity lines and industry, founded Punjab Agricultural University at Ludhiana and pushed the agricultural expansion that prepared for the Green Revolution. He was also authoritarian and accused of corruption.

He resigned in 1964 after an inquiry and was assassinated on the Grand Trunk Road near Delhi in 1965.

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