The taus, Persian for peacock, is a large bowed instrument with a long fretted neck and a body carved in the shape of a peacock, its head and beak at the base and sometimes real feathers set into it. It has four or five main strings and many sympathetic strings.
Sikh tradition credits Guru Hargobind with its invention, after hearing a peacock sing; others link it to Guru Gobind Singh's court at Anandpur. It became a central instrument of Sikh kirtan, played by court musicians and later by the Namdhari Sikhs, who preserved the tanti saaz when most gurdwaras turned to the harmonium.
The dilruba, a lighter version without the peacock, was developed later for easier playing. Both are now at the heart of the revival of classical Gurmat Sangeet.
More instruments
The fretless lute of Bhai Mardana, the first instrument of Sikh kirtan.
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The bowed fiddle that sounds most like the human voice, partner of the dhadi singer.
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The one-stringed plucked instrument of Punjabi folk music, made famous by Yamla Jatt.
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The paired flutes played at once, one droning and one singing, by the herdsmen of the bar.
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The big double-headed drum, the heartbeat of bhangra and the harvest.
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The fire tongs with jingles that keep time for folk singers and kirtan in the villages.
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A bowed instrument with a sitar's long fretted neck and a sarangi's skin-covered belly, sweet enough to be called 'heart-stealer'.
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The hand-pumped reed organ that came with missionaries in the 19th century and became the voice of kirtan, qawwali and the Punjabi song.
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The pair of hand drums that keeps time for kirtan, qawwali and classical song, and the Punjab gharana of Lahore that made a style of its own.
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The small hourglass drum of the dhadis, held in one hand and tightened with the fingers to make it sing.
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The folk fiddle of the villages, with an open belly half covered in skin, played to accompany ballads and qisse.
▶ WatchGharaThe village water pot turned into a drum, played with the fingers and a ring at weddings and in folk ensembles.
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A small drum with a string fixed to its skin, plucked and pulled to make a rubbery, twanging beat.
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The 'snake': a lattice of wooden slats that stretches out and snaps shut with a clap.
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The snake charmer's pipe: two reed pipes set in a dried gourd that holds the player's breath, so the sound never stops.
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The bamboo flute of the herdsmen of the bar, the flute Ranjha played to Heer's buffaloes by the Chenab.
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The great kettledrum of kings and of the Khalsa, beaten at the Akal Takht and before Sikh processions.
Taus