The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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Englishਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابی

Land & Ages

The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

People & Faiths

PeopleSaints and teachers, poets and singers, rulers, rebels, the people of both PunjabsPeople of the landJats, Rajputs, Arains, Khatris, Dalit communities and more, across every faithFaithsHindu traditions, Islam and the Sufis, Sikhi, and the Punjab's other faiths

Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

Culture & Museum

CulturePoets, qisse, songs, music, dance, festivals, foodMuseumSculpture, coins, manuscripts, painting, arms, buildings, and where to see themChronicles & ProphecyThe poetry of the old chroniclesAboutWhat this atlas is, its sources, and every word explainedHelp maintain this siteCorrections, pictures, sources and new entries
Punjab WikiMuseumFrom the world's museums
From the world's museums · 1849 – 1947 · 1484

Colonial Punjab

Canal colonies and the army, Singh Sabha, Arya Samaj and Ahmadiyya, Ghadar, Jallianwala Bagh and the Unionists.

This age on the site →

The Sikh courts and the Gurus

85
Portrait of Maharajra Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), nimbatePortrait of Maharajra Ranjit Singh (1780-1839), nimbateca.1849 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗QuoitsQuoits19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Guru Gobind SinghGuru Gobind Singh19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesOne of twelve tiny paintings depicting Mughal emperors, Afghan and Sikh noblesca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Ganesha worshipped by a Sikh ruler, ca.1850Ganesha worshipped by a Sikh ruler, ca.1850Museum of Fine Arts, Boston · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Guru Nanak with Baba Bala Nath 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam…Guru Nanak with Baba Bala Nath 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak preaching in Rameshwaram 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the…Guru Nanak preaching in Rameshwaram 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak's marriage with Mata Sulakhani 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from…Guru Nanak's marriage with Mata Sulakhani 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Gobind Singh, opaque watercolour on paper, Punjab, circa 18th or 19th centuryGuru Gobind Singh, opaque watercolour on paper, Punjab, circa 18th or 19th centuryWikimedia Commons ↗Painting of Guru Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru, Pahari, ca.1850Painting of Guru Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru, Pahari, ca.1850Museum Rietberg, Zurich · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Mountain gunMountain gun19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CrestCrestprobably 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CrestCrestprobably 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab HillsPainting, Punjab Hillsmid 19th century · Punjab Hills© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Hills, ca.1850Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Hills, ca.1850Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Painting of Sir Henry Lawrence, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of a seated European man, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Painting of a seated European man, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, ca.1850Lahore Museum · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Baba Ram Singh Kuka [leader of the Namdhari/Kuka Sikhs], Sikh stylePainting of Baba Ram Singh Kuka [leader of the Namdhari/Kuka Sikhs], Sikh styleLahore Museum · photo Style of Bishan Singh, possibly created by Kapur Singh of Am (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of Guru Nanak with Bhai Mardana, Jaipur, Rajasthan, circa early-19th centuryPainting of Guru Nanak with Bhai Mardana, Jaipur, Rajasthan, circa early-19th centuryRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Sikh and British Officers of Hodson's Horse, 1858Sikh and British Officers of Hodson's Horse, 1858National Army Museum, London · photo Felice Beato (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sham Singh AtariwalaSham Singh Atariwalaca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Kharak SinghKharak Singhca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Guru NanakGuru Nanakca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Ranjit SinghMaharaja Ranjit Singhca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 - ca. 1870 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Arms and armour

71
ShieldShield19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sword hiltSword hilt19th century · Sialkot© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗HelmetHelmetca. 1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sword and sheathSword and sheath19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗ShieldShieldca. 1850 · Patiala© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Dagger and sheathDagger and sheath19th century · Patiala© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Patiala© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Quoit turbanQuoit turbanmid 19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Quoit turbanQuoit turbanmid 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Punch daggerPunch dagger19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Body armourBody armour19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Mail coatMail coat19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Combination weaponCombination weapon19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sword and sheathSword and sheath19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Sword and sheathSword and sheath19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Battle axeBattle axe19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Mail trousersMail trousers19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗DaggerDagger19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗KnifeKnife19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗SpearSpearc.1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pair of armguardsPair of armguards19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pair of shin guardsPair of shin guards19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Quiver and arrowsQuiver and arrows19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Firearm accessoryFirearm accessory19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗ClubClub19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗ClubClub19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Mail hoodMail hood19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pellet bowPellet bow19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pair of armguardsPair of armguards19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗SpearSpear19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗DaggerDagger19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Manuscripts and the written word

12
Guru Nanak with Bebe Nanaki 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…Guru Nanak with Bebe Nanaki 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak meeting Nirankar 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…Guru Nanak meeting Nirankar 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak with Bhai Lalo 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…Guru Nanak with Bhai Lalo 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Ragamala, Persian with occasional notes in Gurmukhi, 19th century ADRagamala, Persian with occasional notes in Gurmukhi, 19th century ADGovernment Museum, Chandigarh · photo UnpetitproleX (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Print, LahorePrint, Lahore19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Illustrated Wooden cover of a manuscript, circa 19th century CE, Chamba styleIllustrated Wooden cover of a manuscript, circa 19th century CE, Chamba styleBhuri Singh Museum, Chamba · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Guru Nanak with Bebe Nanaki 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…Guru Nanak with Bebe Nanaki 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Guru Nanak meeting Nirankar 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…Guru Nanak meeting Nirankar 19th century painting about Guru Nanak from the Janam Sakhi…National Museum, New Delhi · photo Satdeep Gill (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY ↗Manuscript from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".Manuscript from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".1851The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Manuscript from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".Manuscript from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".1851The British Library (via Europeana) ↗BuraqBuraqlate 19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Vasakasajja Nayika from Gitagovinda Manuscript, Kangra Painting circa 1900 CEVasakasajja Nayika from Gitagovinda Manuscript, Kangra Painting circa 1900 CEGovernment Museum, Chandigarh · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗

Pahari painting from the hills

185
Devi Mahatamya, 19th century CE, Guler, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaDevi Mahatamya, 19th century CE, Guler, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗India, Pahari Hills, Guler school, 19th century - Krishna Reaching for the MoonIndia, Pahari Hills, Guler school, 19th century - Krishna Reaching for the MoonWikimedia Commons ↗Male deity, Sculpture from Guler, 19th century CEMale deity, Sculpture from Guler, 19th century CEMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Painting, KangraPainting, Kangra19th century · Kangra© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Prositapatika NayikaPrositapatika Nayikaca. 1850 · Kangra© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Drawing, KangraDrawing, Kangra19th century · Kangra© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗AnkletAnkletc.1850 · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Divine couple seated in a lotus blossomDivine couple seated in a lotus blossomearly 1800s · Northern India, Pahari Region, Himachal Pradesh, Rajput Kingdom ofCleveland Museum of Art ↗A Bride being led to a Temple, 19th century CE, Kangra School of ArtA Bride being led to a Temple, 19th century CE, Kangra School of ArtMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Bhagvad Gita, circa 19th century, Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala, KangraBhagvad Gita, circa 19th century, Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala, KangraMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Radha Krishna, 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaRadha Krishna, 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Sabih, circa 19th century CE, Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala, Kangra ..Sabih, circa 19th century CE, Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala, Kangra ..Museum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Tandira Haar, Himachal Pradesh, circa 19th century, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaTandira Haar, Himachal Pradesh, circa 19th century, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Virahini Nayika, 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaVirahini Nayika, 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art, Museum of Kangra Art, DharamshalaMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗A lady, mid 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art Government Museum and Art Gallery…A lady, mid 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art Government Museum and Art Gallery…Government Museum, Chandigarh · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Krishna with Gopis, 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art, Himachal State Museum, ShimlaKrishna with Gopis, 19th century CE, Kangra School of Art, Himachal State Museum, ShimlaWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗Mahishasuramardini, 19th century CE, Mandi School of Pahari Kalam, Museum of Kangra ArtMahishasuramardini, 19th century CE, Mandi School of Pahari Kalam, Museum of Kangra ArtMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Pada padam of Vishnu, 19th century CE, Mandi School of Pahari KalamPada padam of Vishnu, 19th century CE, Mandi School of Pahari KalamMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Vipralabdha Nayika, circa 1850 CE, Kangra School of Art Government Museum and Art…Vipralabdha Nayika, circa 1850 CE, Kangra School of Art Government Museum and Art…Government Museum, Chandigarh · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Painting, ChambaPainting, Chambaca. 1850 · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Radha and KrishnaRadha and Krishna19th century · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗RumalRumal19th century · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗RumalRumal19th century · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗RumalRumal19th century · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Chambyali Silver Churah, circa 19th century CE, Bhuri Singh Museum, ChambaChambyali Silver Churah, circa 19th century CE, Bhuri Singh Museum, ChambaBhuri Singh Museum, Chamba · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Gaja Lakshmi, 19th century CE Nurpur School of Pahari Kalam, Museum of Kangra ArtGaja Lakshmi, 19th century CE Nurpur School of Pahari Kalam, Museum of Kangra ArtMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Radha and Krishna having in conversation, 19th century CE, Nurpur School of Pahari KalamRadha and Krishna having in conversation, 19th century CE, Nurpur School of Pahari KalamMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗A Princess smoking huqqa, 19th century, Mandi School of Pahari KalamA Princess smoking huqqa, 19th century, Mandi School of Pahari KalamMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Doorjamb from Bhakhali Devi Pandoh, Mandi circa 19th century CEDoorjamb from Bhakhali Devi Pandoh, Mandi circa 19th century CEWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗Godess Chinamastika being worshipped by the gods, Mandi, 19th century CEGodess Chinamastika being worshipped by the gods, Mandi, 19th century CEMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗A mid-19th century painting depicting MahisasuramardiniA mid-19th century painting depicting MahisasuramardiniMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo Brahmavadini (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Pada Padam of Vishnu deity painting; from 19th century Mandi district, Himachal PradeshPada Padam of Vishnu deity painting; from 19th century Mandi district, Himachal PradeshMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo Brahmavadini (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Portrait of Raja Sidh Sen of Mandi, 19th century CE , Himachal State Museum, ShimlaPortrait of Raja Sidh Sen of Mandi, 19th century CE , Himachal State Museum, ShimlaWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗Portrait of Raja Vijay Sen of Mandi, 19th century, Mandi School, Himachal State MuseumPortrait of Raja Vijay Sen of Mandi, 19th century, Mandi School, Himachal State MuseumWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗Raja Ranbir SinghRaja Ranbir Singhca. 1850 · Jammu© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, JammuPainting, Jammuca. 1850 · Jammu© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Lahore, Multan and the Punjab

567
The Siege of Mooltan', 1849The Siege of Mooltan', 1849National Army Museum, London · photo J. Rogers after H. Warren (Wikimedia Commons) ↗1849 Jhelum 18701849 Jhelum 1870Wikimedia Commons · Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net). · CC BY-SA ↗The Battle of Goojerat on 21 February 1849The Battle of Goojerat on 21 February 1849National Army Museum, London · photo J. Harris after H. Martens (Wikimedia Commons) ↗One of three drawings of Chiniot (Jhang district), formerly Punjab and its environsOne of three drawings of Chiniot (Jhang district), formerly Punjab and its environsca. 1850 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗One of three drawings of Chiniot (Jhang district), formerly Punjab and its environs.One of three drawings of Chiniot (Jhang district), formerly Punjab and its environs.ca.1850 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗DoorDoor19th century · Amritsar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, Punjab PlainPainting, Punjab Plain19th century · Punjab Plain© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Fan handleFan handle19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PlaquePlaque19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BraceletBracelet1800s · India, Punjab (?) or SindCleveland Museum of Art ↗A Punjabi woman cooking, Punjab, circa 19th centuryA Punjabi woman cooking, Punjab, circa 19th centuryPhiladelphia Museum of Art · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Satguru Ram Singh Museum, Bhaini Sahib, District Ludhyana, Punjab, IndiaSatguru Ram Singh Museum, Bhaini Sahib, District Ludhyana, Punjab, IndiaWikimedia Commons · Harvinder Chandigarh · CC BY-SA ↗Forehead ornamentForehead ornamentca. 1850 · Gujranwala© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Painting, LahorePainting, Lahoreca. 1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗FirearmFirearm19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Skirt pieceSkirt piece19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CharpaiCharpai19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CharpaiCharpai19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CharpaiCharpai19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CharpaiCharpai19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Chand BaghChand Bagh19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Firearm accessoryFirearm accessoryprobably 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Mail coatMail coat19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗FirearmFirearm19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗India, Panjab, 19th century Jewelry and Adornments; crowns Repoussé silver with gilding…India, Panjab, 19th century Jewelry and Adornments; crowns Repoussé silver with gilding…LACMA, Los Angeles · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Painting of an elephant fight, Sikh Empire, circa 19th centuryPainting of an elephant fight, Sikh Empire, circa 19th centuryMuseum für Asiatische Kunst, Berlin · photo Wikimedia Commons (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Radha and KrishnaRadha and Krishna19th century · Kangra© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗The Jami Masjid, LahoreThe Jami Masjid, Lahoreca. 1850 · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗KnifeKnife19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Saddle-axe of Safdar JangSaddle-axe of Safdar Jang19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Saddle pommelSaddle pommelca. 1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗FirearmFirearm19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗TrousersTrousersmid 19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pair of armguardsPair of armguards19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BraceletBracelet1800s · India, LahoreCleveland Museum of Art ↗Painting bearing the words "Shah Jahan ki Khilwat" in Persian, circa 19th century CEPainting bearing the words "Shah Jahan ki Khilwat" in Persian, circa 19th century CELahore Museum · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗

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Early photographs

212
The Sikh Town of AnundporeThe Sikh Town of Anundpore1850s to 1870s · Anandpur Sahib© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗LahoreLahore1850s to 1870s · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Lahore from WazeerLahore from Wazeer1850s to 1870s · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Palms in the Shadra Gardens LahorePalms in the Shadra Gardens Lahore1850s to 1870s · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗LahoreLahore1850s to 1870s · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Jehanger's TombJehanger's Tomb1850s to 1870s · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Red Fort at Lahore Gate, New DelhiRed Fort at Lahore Gate, New Delhimid 19th century · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗DelhiDelhi1850s to 1870s · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CashmereCashmere1850s to 1870s · Jhelum (river)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CashmereCashmere1850s to 1870s · Kashmir© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CashmereCashmere1850s to 1870s · Kashmir© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Hoshiarpore Caves of Peer NigahaHoshiarpore Caves of Peer Nigaha1850s to 1870s · Hoshiarpur© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph of the Sodhis of Anandpur Sahib, by Francis Frith, ca.1850's–1870'sPhotograph of the Sodhis of Anandpur Sahib, by Francis Frith, ca.1850's–1870'sV&A, London · photo Francis Frith (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Lahori gate at the Red Fort, DelhiLahori gate at the Red Fort, Delhimid 19th century · Delhi© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗A Sikh Shrine at Keeruthpore, PunjaubA Sikh Shrine at Keeruthpore, Punjaub1850s to 1870s · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Maharaja Duleep SinghMaharaja Duleep Singhca. 1850 · London© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, Himachal PradeshPhotograph, Himachal Pradeshmid 19th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, Himachal PradeshPhotograph, Himachal Pradeshmid 19th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, Himachal PradeshPhotograph, Himachal Pradeshmid 19th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗MurreeMurree1850s to 1870s · Murree© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph of a Hindu temple at Thanesar, Punjab, by Francis Frith, ca.1850's–70'sPhotograph of a Hindu temple at Thanesar, Punjab, by Francis Frith, ca.1850's–70'sV&A, London · photo Francis Frith (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Landscape at RogiLandscape at Rogimid 19th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Photograph, SimlaPhotograph, Simla1850s to 1870s · Simla© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Chess setChess set19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CoverCover19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Shawls, textiles and embroidery

259
Textile, Punjab (India)Textile, Punjab (India)ca. 1850 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗TurbanTurbanMid 19th Century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Textile, Punjab (Pakistan)Textile, Punjab (Pakistan)mid 19th century · Punjab (Pakistan)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗HatHatmid 19th century · Kangra© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗HatHatmid 19th century · Ludhiana© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Border of a ShawlBorder of a Shawl1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗Border of a ShawlBorder of a Shawl1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗Head Shawl (Phulkari)Head Shawl (Phulkari)1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗ShawlShawl1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗Fragment of a ShawlFragment of a Shawl1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗ShawlShawl1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗Head Shawl ("Phulkari")Head Shawl ("Phulkari")1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗Border of a ShawlBorder of a Shawl1800s · India, Punjab, 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗ShawlShawllate 1800s · India, Punjab, late 19th centuryCleveland Museum of Art ↗Textile, Punjab (India)Textile, Punjab (India)19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Scarf, Punjab (Pakistan)Scarf, Punjab (Pakistan)19th century · Punjab (Pakistan)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BrocadeBrocade19th century · Bahawalpur© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗HatHatmid 19th century · Ludhiana© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗RobeRobeca. 1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century-20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PhulkariPhulkari19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Thirma PhulkariThirma Phulkari19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Satranga BaghSatranga Bagh19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Shishedar PhulkariShishedar Phulkari19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗ShawlShawl19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BaghBagh19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BaghBagh19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Vari Da BaghVari Da Baghsecond half of 19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Pottery, metalwork, woodwork and jewellery

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BoxBox19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗NecklaceNecklace1800s · India, PunjabCleveland Museum of Art ↗Box and coverBox and coverca. 1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pen box and coverPen box and cover19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗VaseVase19th century · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pen boxPen boxc.1850 · Lahore© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗A folding Qur’an standA folding Qur’an stand19th century · Jammu-KashmirArt Institute of Chicago ↗Dogra Silver Earrings, circa 19th century CE, Museum of Kangra Art DharamshalaDogra Silver Earrings, circa 19th century CE, Museum of Kangra Art DharamshalaMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo SpeakingArch (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗EarringEarring19th century · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗EarringEarring19th century · Chamba© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BraceletsBracelets19th century · Punjab© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗EarringEarring19th century · Punjab© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Head Ornament PairHead Ornament Pair19th century · Punjab© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Knife and sheathKnife and sheath19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Haar, 19th CenturyHaar, 19th CenturyMuseum of Kangra Art, Dharamshala · photo Brahmavadini (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗BroochBroochc.1866 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BroochBroochc.1866 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PendantPendantc.1866 · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Fragment, Punjab (Pakistan)Fragment, Punjab (Pakistan)ca. 1855-1879 · Punjab (Pakistan)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Tile, MultanTile, Multan1877 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Tile, MultanTile, Multan1877 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CasketCasketca. 1880 · Sialkot© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Tile panelTile panelc. 1880 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Tile, MultanTile, Multanca. 1880 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Border tileBorder tileca. 1880 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Tile, MultanTile, Multanca. 1880 · Multan© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Writing boxWriting boxca. 1881-1882 · Chiniot© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗BoxBoxlate 19th century · Hoshiarpur© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Address casketAddress casketc.1899 · Amritsar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Jeweled Necklace and PendantJeweled Necklace and Pendantbefore 1916 · India, Delhi in the PunjabCleveland Museum of Art ↗Necklace and PendantNecklace and Pendantbefore 1916 · India, Delhi in the PunjabCleveland Museum of Art ↗CrownCrown20th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Nose ringNose ring20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Nose ringNose ring20th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗NecklaceNecklace20th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗NecklaceNecklace20th century · Himachal Pradesh© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Music and the qissa legends

1
Stringed instrument (sarinda)Stringed instrument (sarinda)19th century · Punjab (India)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

Maps of the Punjab

11
Map from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".Map from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".1851The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".Map from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".1851The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".Map from "A year on the Punjab frontier, in 1848-49".1851The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "Sindh, and the Races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus; with notices of…Map from "Sindh, and the Races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus; with notices of…1851The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "The Diary of a Hunter from the Punjab to the Karakorum Mountains".Map from "The Diary of a Hunter from the Punjab to the Karakorum Mountains".1863The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "The Diary of a Hunter from the Punjab to the Karakorum Mountains".Map from "The Diary of a Hunter from the Punjab to the Karakorum Mountains".1863The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Published in the Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1872-73Published in the Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1872-73Wikimedia Commons · Alexander Cunningham 1814-1893 ↗Map from "Lahore to YārkandMap from "Lahore to Yārkand1873The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of the PunjabMap from "Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of the Punjab1895The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map from "Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of the PunjabMap from "Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of the Punjab1895The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Map of Jammu and Kashmir (Princely State) by National Geographic in 1946Map of Jammu and Kashmir (Princely State) by National Geographic in 1946Wikimedia Commons · National Geographic Society for the National Geographic Maga · CC BY ↗

Coins

1
Sikh Token Coin, from the Golden Temple, 1898, AmritsarSikh Token Coin, from the Golden Temple, 1898, AmritsarWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗

Gandhara and Taxila

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Knife and sheathKnife and sheath19th century · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Knife and sheathKnife and sheath19th century · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗SashSash19th century · Swat valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗View of houses adjoining a stream, PeshawarView of houses adjoining a stream, Peshawar05/1855 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Street scene in PeshawarStreet scene in Peshawar01/1855 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗TrousersTrousersc.1855 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Man's GarmentMan's Garmentc.1855 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Wrapped garmentWrapped garmentca. 1855 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗The public execution of mutineers in Peshawar, men being shotThe public execution of mutineers in Peshawar, men being shot1860Wellcome Collection (via Europeana) · CC BY ↗PyjamaPyjamaca. 1855-1879 · Punjab (Pakistan)© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Water bottleWater bottlec. 1880 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗ChillumChillumca. 1880 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗The public execution of twelve mutineers in PeshawarThe public execution of twelve mutineers in Peshawar1880Wellcome Collection (via Europeana) · CC BY ↗Small Gandhara architectural pillar by Serrot M 1883Small Gandhara architectural pillar by Serrot M 1883British Museum, London · photo M. Serrot (1883 photograph) (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Pakistan from "Die Kopien der Weltkarte des Museum Borgia, etc.Pakistan from "Die Kopien der Weltkarte des Museum Borgia, etc.1892The British Library (via Europeana) ↗Tomb of Gori Kuttri at PeshawarTomb of Gori Kuttri at Peshawar1895-01-01 · peshawar pakistanLibrary of Congress ↗WTC [i.eWTC [i.e1895-01-01 · peshawar indiaLibrary of Congress ↗WTC [i.eWTC [i.e1895-01-01 · peshawar indiaLibrary of Congress ↗Pathan men from Peshawar, Pakistan in traditional dress: group portraitPathan men from Peshawar, Pakistan in traditional dress: group portrait1900Wellcome Collection (via Europeana) · CC BY ↗Gordon Highlanders, guard of honour, awaiting the royal train steam into Peshawar, IndiaGordon Highlanders, guard of honour, awaiting the royal train steam into Peshawar, India1906-01-01Library of Congress ↗H.R.H. the Prince of Wales at the garden party, Residency grounds, Peshawar, IndiaH.R.H. the Prince of Wales at the garden party, Residency grounds, Peshawar, India1906-01-01Library of Congress ↗Peshawar Museum, Sahri Bahlol Buddha, excavated 1909-1910Peshawar Museum, Sahri Bahlol Buddha, excavated 1909-1910Peshawar Museum · photo Batool Nasir (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA ↗Great Buddha of Sahri Bahlol 1909 excavation (upright)Great Buddha of Sahri Bahlol 1909 excavation (upright)Peshawar Museum · photo Ministry of Culture (Wikimedia Commons) ↗Pyjama trousersPyjama trousersca. 1917 · Peshawar© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CoverletCoverlet20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CoverletCoverlet20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗CoatCoat20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Pillow coverPillow cover20th century · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗Table clothTable clothca. 1935 · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗PillowcasePillowcasebefore 1938 · Swat Valley© Victoria and Albert Museum, London ↗

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Search the museums' full collections

V&A ↗ · British Museum ↗ · The Met ↗ · Cleveland ↗ · Wellcome Collection ↗ · Wikimedia Commons ↗ · Ashmolean ↗ · Royal Collection ↗ · Pitt Rivers ↗

Shown here are the objects whose pictures museums have released openly. Far more are in their collections, and in museums with no open search, such as the Lahore Museum. Searching for "Punjab".

Pictures from the collections of Art Institute of Chicago, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum (via Europeana), Bhuri Singh Museum, Chamba, 65 more, found automatically: public domain or openly licensed, except the V&A's, shown for non-commercial use with the museum's credit. Titles and dates are the museums' own; each card names its museum and any licence. Updated 2026-10-26.

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