The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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PUNJAB WIKIਪੰਜਾਬپنجابThe Land
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Land & Ages

The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

People & Faiths

PeopleSaints and teachers, poets and singers, rulers, rebels, the people of both PunjabsPeople of the landJats, Rajputs, Arains, Khatris, Dalit communities and more, across every faithFaithsHindu traditions, Islam and the Sufis, Sikhi, and the Punjab's other faiths

Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

Culture & Museum

CulturePoets, qisse, songs, music, dance, festivals, foodMuseumSculpture, coins, manuscripts, painting, arms, buildings, and where to see themChronicles & ProphecyThe poetry of the old chroniclesAboutWhat this atlas is, its sources, and every word explainedHelp maintain this siteCorrections, pictures, sources and new entries
Punjab WikiPlacesAncient sites
Ropar (Rupnagar)
Unknown · Wikimedia
Ancient site

Ropar (Rupnagar)

ਰੋਪੜروپ نگر

Harappan settlement on the Sutlej, the first excavated in independent India.

Ropar, now Rupnagar, lies where the Sutlej leaves the Shivalik hills for the plains. Excavations here in the 1950s found a Harappan settlement, the first to be excavated in independent India, and a continuous sequence of cultures through the historic periods.

In 1831 Ranjit Singh met the British Governor-General Lord William Bentinck on the Sutlej at Ropar in a great display of friendship, with elephants, troops and banquets on both banks.

The headworks of the Sirhind Canal are at Ropar, where the Sutlej's water is turned into the fields of the Malwa.

Ropar (Rupnagar), Punjab, India

People

Baldev Singh
Baldev Singh1902 – 1961

The Sikh leader who spoke for the Panth in the negotiations of 1946–47 and became India's first Defence Minister.

On the timeline

c. 2600 – 1900 BCE · Ropar, the Indus city on the Sutlej

Indus sites over time

Early, mature and late

In the world's museums

3 objects
Animal figurine, Bara Culture, Punjab, housed in the ASI Museum, RoparAnimal figurine, Bara Culture, Punjab, housed in the ASI Museum, RoparWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗Faience Sling Ball, Bara Culture, Ropar, Punjab, the ASI Museum, RoparFaience Sling Ball, Bara Culture, Ropar, Punjab, the ASI Museum, RoparWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗Hoard of Kushan, Yaudheya and Gupta Coins from Period IV Stratigraphy at Ropar MoundHoard of Kushan, Yaudheya and Gupta Coins from Period IV Stratigraphy at Ropar MoundWikimedia Commons · SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA ↗

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