The land of five waters gave the world its first cities, its saints and its songs. Broken by every empire that crossed it, it is still ours to remember, and to make whole again.

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The LandRivers, doabs, Harappa and the first cities, seasons, numbersAgesEight ages of the Punjab, from the Soan to todayTimelineEvery dated event on one lineAtlasEvery place on one map, age by agePlacesCities, ancient sites, temples, mosques and gurdwaras, battlefieldsLanguage & scriptsPunjabi, its dialects, Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi

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Kingdoms & Struggles

Kingdoms & WarsWho ruled the Punjab, the Kingdom of Lahore, and the battles fought over itWho ruled the PunjabEvery ruling power, 518 BCE to todayWars & BattlesFrom the Hydaspes to BasantarStruggles & Partitions1849, 1919, 1947, 1966, 1984, 2020

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Punjab WikiStruggles & Partitions
1919

Jallianwala Bagh

Unknown · Wikimedia

On Vaisakhi day 1919, General Dyer's troops fired without warning into a crowd of thousands in a walled garden in Amritsar: Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs, pilgrims and villagers. Hundreds died. Martial law, floggings and the bombing of Gujranwala from the air followed. India turned against British rule, and twenty-one years later Udham Singh shot Michael O'Dwyer in London.

Jallianwala Bagh →

The garden

A plan of the massacre
The only way in and out:a lane too narrow for Dyer's two armoured carsRaised ground: Dyer's 90 soldiers, 50 of them riflemenFired about 1,650 rounds, for around ten minutes, without warningThe well120 bodies taken from it,says the memorialAbout 20,000 peopleHindus, Muslims and Sikhs; many in Amritsar for VaisakhiWalls: people tried to climb them; bullet marks surviveHouses pressed up against the walls on every sideSchematic, not to scale

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When
13 April 1919, about 5.30 pm
Dead
379 by the official count; about 1,000 by the Congress inquiry
Wounded
About 1,200 by the official count, left without help overnight under curfew
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